IEM (intelligent enterprise managing) is a paradigm for human-replacing enterprise management mandating a shift to completely unmanned standardized business processes at operational level.

IEM paradigm articulates requirements for both IEM system use and methodology for its deployment and operation.

IEM systems come instead of out-of-date ERP (and also WMS, CRM, MES, SCM...) and replace them all together offering company staff and contractors to work in a single informational space and in real time.

Orderliness Integrity Universality Completeness Symmetry
5 IEM principles (integrity, completeness, orderliness, symmetry, universality) provide geometric description for monolithic sphere.

A biologic analogue for IEM is a living cell which is the most complex chemical plant self-maintaining homeostasis without a single neuron.
ultimate-standartization
Ultimate IEM-based business process standardization
IEM imperative forces to standardize all business processes in the system loop. Proper implementation approach implies all enterprise value chains.

Simultaneous ordering for all values chains means your enterprise crystallizing from fuzzy ambiguity state to transparently formed formalized manageability.

Saul turns into Peter and a road house - into McDonald's.
Chaos
solidity
IEM integrity
IEM integrity (high interlinkage) is a natural guarantee for system data reliability.

Math-type reliability: Either all data in your IEM infocontainer are reliable or all data are not reliable at once.
No intermediate state is possible.
Fragmentary nature
universality
IEM universal functionality and applicability
1. Universal versatility: Single IEM system replaces all single-function modules and solutions at once: ERP, CRM, WMS, SCM, MRP, MES, BPM, ...

2. Universal applicability: For business of any type and industry.

IEM composition logic guarantees top-notch solution effectiveness for any formalized task of business process management in any company.
Narrow applicability
completeness
Closed IEM infocontainer
IEM data storage is a tightly closed container, an absorbing data shell where your enterprise functions.

Your IEM system encapsulates all interpretable data on company business process execution.
Sieve
symmetry
Symmetric IEM enterprise model
IEM systems implements symmetric digital model, one-to-one cybernetic reflection of your managed enterprise.

IEM virtual model parameters develop simultaneously with live business changes.

IEM-based enterprise virtualization
Fun mirror shatters
Closeness Invariability Openness Versatility
Platform (system core) and business-logic space (BLS) are superimposed.

The platform provide background functioning for system lower-level mechanics.
IEM area inaccessible for application developer and invariant for all installations.

BLS implements virtual model for operating enterprise: It “contains" digital copies for offices, warehouses, commodities, customers, suppliers, cash and other objects, while their interaction describes how your enterprise works.
BLS is completely open and arbitrarily modifiable IEM region, BLS configuration is unique for each user.
01-0, 01-4, 01-1, 01-3, 01-2
closedness
Closed platform
Platform complex automatic mechanisms isolated from application developers increase significantly operational stability for your production system including malicious action cases - both from outside and inside.
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constancy
Invariant platform
Complete unification of the heaviest IEM system part implementing the most complex and possibly risky functionality facilitates dramatically both IEM system maintenance in general and application development in particular.
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openness
Open business logic space
Business logic space is completely open for an application developer:
- structured system metadata (including structures for tables, trigger presentations, procedures and other objects in DBMS),
- software code implementing business logic and business rules,
- system scenarios
- user interface code

Open access to platform interfaces enables development for completely in-house user applications with preferred technology.
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versatility
Versatile business logic space
IEM: enjoy customization of your dream.

Unlimited customization freedom in IEM business logic space provides universal applicability.

IEM ability to be adapted to unique customer requirements is not inferior to self-made products (customized products for a particular customer), while IEM efficiency and adaptation cost is far beyond them.
“No customization, please!"
General 2 BLS 1 Platform 1 Platform 2 General 1 BLS 2 General 3
single-data-storage
Centralized data storage for IEM
Data is presented as a single instance for the entire enterprise informational space.

Single entry, multiple use.
Data scattered among various DBs
ERP fragments use independent datasets.

System data (in)consistency is, in general, based on regular intermodular sync procedures.

Modular ERP: What you’ll find out after failed deployment
rich-data-model
Rich data model for open space of IEM business logic
Your enterprise is described with high-level abstractions.
It is like object-oriented programming.

Application developers utilize such entities as:
— documents encapsulating process logic and verified accounting tasks.
— directories, their properties; behavior, set by scripts and attribute one
— auxiliary tools — unbundling tables, registries, transactions (postings), etc.

Metadata-based fast prototyping facilitates development considerably and decreases error rate.
Primitive data model
Application developer works with records possibly containing records.
Highly labor-consuming application development.
Similar to assembler.
multifunctional-core
Multiple functions in IEM closed platform
IEM platform encapsulates heavy system core functionality:
- deployment tools
- version/life-cycle management
- rich-data model processing
- form and other UI generation
- asynchronous email/sms messaging
- web-services
- log and history management
- multithreading mechanisms
- data analysis and management reporting
- high-level verification of data consistency (guaranteed "double entry” and other similar functions)
- et cetera, et cetera.

The platform cannot be modified by application developers and is invariant to any deployed installations it is based upon.
Built-in language interpreter + DBMS middleware
...able to transform internal record operations into SQL-statements.

The rest is either executed by external applications (modules), or implemented by application developers in the modifiable area above the platform.

Multithreading is rarely implemented due to tremendous labor efforts required from application developers.
database-direct-link
Tight closed platform integration with your DBMS of choice
... with topmost possible use of the most potent and modern data processing tools of the latter.
DBMS objects can be arbitrarily modified for optimization.

Integration density is sufficient to interpret your DBMS and IEM platform as single logical entity.

Resulting performance is maximum of possible with up-to-date data processing technologies provided by the best DBMS.
Interaction with any DBMS through standard SQL
Advantage is great choice (though there are exclusions) for DBMS selection due to standard SQL use.
Versatility flap-side is no chance to utilize smart data processing means at DBMS server side. Actually, DBMS is used as a notepad.

Scalability and performance are fundamentally limited with DBMS interaction primitivism.
allness
Excellent IEM omnitude and onliness
Math language describes is as completeness and closeness.

Properly deployed IEM-system can replace all 3-letter "modules"/"systems" at once (ERP, CRM, WMS, SCM, HRM, MES, BPM, ..) and covers within its business logic space all company's structured business processes indiscriminately.

Your IEM system as higher animal brain is the only control system for your company and single reputable data storage.
Snippety, using patches and attaching additional "modules" ("systems")
Daily functioning of such assembly is described by "Swan, crawfish and pike” fable (a kind of circular firing squad).

Number of potentially connectible "systems"/"modules" is theoretically unlimited though such zoo performance quality with increasing number of inhabitants falls down exponentially.
modern-programming-language
Modern industry language for IEM business logic open space
Transnational market of developers of any cost and experience.

Use of modern, widely used languages developed in open competitive environment is a natural guarantee for the most up-to-date technologies to be used.
In-house developed niche language
Mostly, procedure-type languages with object extensions from 1980’s.

Minimum minimorum of functions (procedures without overloading, fixed type set, basic set of logical operations).

Market developers are fundamentally limited with narrow application scope for such proprietary language

Inevitable backlogging of niche proprietary language from conventional development technologies.
programmable-conditioned-reflexes
IEM programmable conditioned reflexes
Automatically executed processing scenarios for high-level business objects of unlimited complexity (action templates) describes system responses to environment changes.

The scenarios are used for automatic transaction execution when documents are transferred in between business process stages such as system event handlers launched by schedule and/or when a set of conditions is met.

IEM symmetry statement implies pro-active functionality of unlimited complexity in the scenario mechanism and provides two-way real-time "IEM — enterprise” syncing.

Biological analogue for programmed IEM reflexes is developed intracellular self-control mechanisms.
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Self-service principle Robustness/fool tolerance Enterprise virtualization Software as a service
single-information-field
Single informational environment
All system users work with similar latest data in real time.
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real-time-transactions
Real time transactions
Automatic transaction management by platform means.
Our application server is atomic transaction-wise: The platform guarantees that either all transactions in a package are completed, or changes are canceled.
Delayed transaction execution with intermodular sync
Manual transaction control
Routine errors of improper transaction documenting, incomplete document save.
Need for separate systems for sync message queue management.
reliable-permissions-control
Reliable access right control
Predicative access at DBMS level — in other words, no chances to override with direct SQL-queries.

Access right division up to separate object level (directory elements and separate documents).

Additionally — independent ad hoc permission mechanism: logic statements as complex as possible describing permissions (restrictions) specified by application developers arbitrarily.
Primitive and easily overridden access right system
Predicative access is implemented at applications server layer being easy to override with direct SQL-queries.

Access rights division for object types regarding different user groups taking into account role nesting.
agile-development
Continuous delivery-based Agile-methods
Continuous delivery is a major application development method within IEM business logic space.

Centralized storage of structured metadata as a consequence of IEM logical unity, rapid prototyping on their basis.

Built-in code verification means throughout entire life cycle.

Code control and separation tools of the IEM platform enable development and testing using production data.
Performance check with real data and in real-life settings, no labor efforts to transfer changes between test and production databases.
Waterfall
A system decomposed among loosely coupled components is a fundamental and non-removable bottleneck for continuous integration methods
business-processes-autonomous-execution
Autonomous business processes with no staff involved
Automatically executing handling scenarios for high-level business processes of unlimited complexity:
— for business process stages ("robots" at "conveyor” sections)
— event handlers
— launched by schedule and/or when a set of conditions is met

Human-replacing IEM functionality able to remove humans sequentially from formalized business process execution up to completely unmanned performance.
The only limitation is depth and quality of business process standardization in your company.
Impossible at the system level
Limited with business process fragments covered by individual module functionality.
single-entry-data-reuse
Single entry and multiple data use
Natural consequence of the centralized data storage and IEM architecture integrity (high interlinkage).
Vice versa
Data are introduced in each module independently, either directly or via syncing procedure.
Since ERP modules are loosely coupled it is rather hard for one module code to use other module data.
data-reliability
Data reliability and consistency 24х7х365
Data are consistent not only regarding their reference integrity but also at business logic level.

For instance, platform mechanisms in any situation guarantee the double record rule and mutual consistency of total and quantitative leftover stock are fulfilled.
Permanent data inconsistency
Trivial consequence of their permanent inconsistency.

Until syncing data in modules are inconsistent (e.g., in a financial “module” after posted payment we are in debt to our contractor while in a sales “module” he/she is in debt to use after delivery is documented).
Since data synchronization takes place at certain intervals while data in system modules (in intense production settings) change continuously operational ERP data, as a general matter, are INCONSISTENT at any given moment
users-self-service
User self-service
Basic IEM method for data entry.

Direct entry either as contractor self-service using external system\enterprise interfaces (web-stores, mobile apps, vendor procurement platforms, etc.), automatic data entry via smart sensors, probes, scanners and other IoT.
Limited use
Limited with cases when entered data is within single module functionality.
The issue is that a display case (DataMart, interface, etc.) is to interact with several modules to show data required for user self-service.
Resistance-to-unskilled-intervention
Foolproof
Natural consequence of being closed and invariant multifunctional platform.

External communication mechanisms of your application server utilize standard, proven open-source solutions from developer community and well-tried encryption algorithms.

Use of .NET platform and memory manager as well as virtual stack-machine makes possible to avoid main potential vulnerabilities such as buffer overflow and code embedding in transferred data.
Fundamentally poor operational reliability
Your system can be crashed with a single foozle by an application developer.
All hopes are on good back-up.

Optimal solution is to avoid touching anything not to break (God forbid) anything.
record-performance
Record-breaking performance with extreme workload
Dramatically, by times higher production system performance.

The highest workload and most frequent operations are executed by platform mechanisms distributed among several threads.

Is known a practical case of comfortable IEM system deployment with 4000 simultaneous active users generating up to 17 mln. document lines per day.
Independent benchmarking reached numbers of up to 18000 users and 96 mln document lines, respectively.
It depends on application developer competences
And unpredictable in general.

Module architecture, on one hand, mitigates scalability issues distributing user load among loosely coupled modules, on the other, it makes it even worse creating additional bottlenecks of sync message queues, while, moreover, sync procedure duration is unpredictable in general.
rapid-development
Development rate is 10 times faster or even more
Result of synergistic overlapping of most cutting-edge architectural IEM solutions.
Used to be up-to-date 30-40 years ago
lots-of-inexpensive-developers
Inexpensive developers in any numbers you might need
Three months of practical training suffice for a developer to familiarize with platform capabilities.

Average developer knowledge competences with conventional modern programming language are sufficient for good quality implementation for > 95% of tasks emerging during IEM system production use and development.
Knowledge of marginal programming language and deep knowledge of non-transparent details of huge amounts of obsolete code
The language per se is trivial since it is primitive.

Though to be ready for everyday practical work a trainee should unscramble subtle implementation details of functional layers grown for decades.

Eventually, a couple of days are enough for a newbie programmer to study the language but than he/she needs years to gain enough skills while studying megabytes of antique code.
single-system-against-IT-zoo
The only "system" in your company
No more pandemonium of ERP, MES, MRP, CRM, WMS, SCM, MDM, PIM and other ХХХ systems:
All business units and all staff operate in a single information space of your enterprise management system

Production shops, warehouses, logistics, sales offices, procurement, financial and accounting staff, call-centers, shipping agents, web-site customers and e-trade suppliers whenever they are globally — they all have access and use same up-to-date information.

No matter Desktops, warehouse barcode scanners, smartphones and tablets, production equipment controllers — instant 24/7 transactions are there.

Infinite nightmare of “integrations" and "syncing” is forever over.
IT-zoo chaos for three-letter systems
And the more systems and modules you have in your zoo, the worse they operate.
It’s an immanent ERP-paradigm feature.

Modular ERP: What you’ll find out after failed deployment
enterprise-virtualization
Enterprise virtualization and process approach
Introducing changes in highly-interlinked system an application developer edits logic for integral value chains.

Any change at any standardized business process stage is instantly reflected at all following ones: both at real company level and its IEM reflection.

Biological analogue — functional changes of any cellular organelle are immediately reflected at general cell status.

IEM-based enterprise virtualization
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Functional fragments of loosely coupled modules coordinated (disintegrated) by syncing mechanisms
SaaS
Natural SaaS
Simplicity of SaaS-delivery setup is based on whole of basic IEM properties: integrity (high interlinkage), centralized data storage and robust services of your universal multi-functional platform.
Extremely cumbersome and impossible as a general matter
Tacky technologies are poorly compatible with modern private or public cloud tools.

In real practice, SaaS delivery is used mostly for ERP-like CMS-based systems.
Deployment duration/cost Omni-channel TCO
functional-all-you-need-no-more
Features: All you need and no fluff
Rapid development for IEM makes possible to have simple basic configuration: functionality can be built-up fast.

Deployed IEM solutions are construction sets based upon particular enterprise needs.
At pre-design stage your customer may dream of "I’d like to have this, and that, and one more thing, and another cool staff I’ve heard something about - wanna have it either.”

Once such system is deployed its code for requested functions is based on those installations where it is best implemented (currently).
Therefore, when launched such installation is a true collection of live business best practices.
“Feature-rich" on paper, hard to use in real life
Extremely cumbersome application development for classic ERP is a foundation for reverence for decades’ worth accumulations of features.
That was paid by hundreds of billions of customer dollars as well as by spinal hernias of developer generations.

Practical (non)-usefulness of the practices from 1970-80’s is quite obvious.
rapid-implementation
Deployment — months instead of years and dozen times cheaper
Fast IEM system deployment sometimes enables recouping deployment costs, which have not been paid yet.
Years at best
“Best practices" are rare in real life.
Deployment failures are way more frequent.

In real life costs are unlimited (some failure projects with budgets > $1 bln are known).
enterprise-managing-system-for-free
Free low-end IEM solutions for startups
A scaffold for basic business processes without human-replacing functions — the system is refined for particular tasks by an operator.
Main difference from commercial solutions is that for the latter the system is customized and trained by partners along deployment.
Nothing comparable
ERP solutions for "small business" bear all generic deficiencies (including costs disproportionate to its actual futility) and even lesser (theoretical) advantages since for the sake of marketing differentiation with "big" solutions “low-end” versions are artificially “crippled”.
block-chain
Block chain, smart contracts ready
IEM 100% ready.
The matter depends on commercial block-chain services and API standards.
Impossible in general case
And again, due to general low ERP data reliability.
operator-independence
Vendor independence
Your IEM system can be services either by authorized vendor partners or on your own, even involving freelancers.

Ecosystem: millions of inexpensive developers (both freelancers and companies) all over the world.

IEM operator dependence on any actors both internal and external including the system manufacturer is completely eliminated.

Models and rates for Ultimate IEM solution support
Rigid ERP vendor link
Limited availability, dubious competence and high cost of developers specialized in obsolete programming language.

Artificially complicated and inflated SW support conditions since typical ERP vendor business model does not pay enough without stripping you from your money for nothing (things like annual fees as % of licensing costs).
staffless-enterprise-right-now
Unmanned enterprise today
How smart managing system responses are (and % of staff your company can function without) is limited with business process standardization depth and quality in the automated entity.

With a certain level of scenario complexity and influence overlapping your IEM system would generally show rational reactions on external parameter changes.

Completely unmanned enterprise comes out as a result of the following smooth operations: a) staged staff replacement at particular business process sections, b) then — within entire value chains, and c) finally — complete staff removal from operational level.

“Well-trained" IEM system is close to a biological IEM implementation, that is, a one-cell organism with homeostasis-based control existing in changing environment when not a single neuron is required.
A set of IEM scenario responses is similar to intracellular humoral self-regulation.

Business system intelligence
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highest-adaptability
Business change driver, instantaneous responsiveness and manageability
IEM ability to evolve rapidly sets a new paradigm when modifying your enterprise.
“To be” business process is first implemented in your IEM system, and next it forces your staff to comply and operating a new way.

Events and actions having required weeks, months or even never, multiple meetings, need to persuade and convince, bureaucratic correspondence, sabotage fighting at each corporate hierarchy level, amending stupid mistakes of others, etc., now take hours to days involving setting your system parameters the way you see fit.

Momentarily leap of business manageability from a wandering off herd of lazy even-toed mammals to racing car responsiveness and control.

With well-implemented IEM system your “biologic” employees are in an unbreakable wall maze with burning hot floor behind: there is no option to go right, left or back pedal.
Only to go forward according to formalized business process logic.

IEM implementation: 7 simple steps to success
Status quo preservation guaranteed
Duration/costs for substantial updates are so high (coordinated re-engineering for all diverse modules involved in modified business-process altering data models and sync protocols) that it makes virtually no sense: by its release changes introduced are already outdated.

Eventually, the gap between live business processes and their ERP implementation can only widen with time.
And in a few years even perfectly deployed ERP turns in “a thing in itself” inevitably related to real business only in ways it impedes its development.
highest-competitive-ability
Topnotch competitiveness at the most complex markets
IEM solutions are already used by leaders of the most competitive and rapidly changing markets:

Trade:
        Ulmart – the largest CIS e-commerce retailer
Partsdirect.ru – the largest CIS supplier of digital device parts

Manufacture:
        Rosshokolad - the largest CIS branded sweetmeats manufacturer

Services:
        RukiIzPlech.ru – the largest CIS electronics post-warranty maintenance center

Today IEM means immense competitive advantage.
Tomorrow it is a pre-requisite for business survival.
Major "success stories" are in government agencies and public companies
Touted success hard to verify on outdated markets with limited competition or without it at all
single-control-center-for-corporate-intelligent-equipment
Direct control for any smart devices
Unmanned trucks, automatic stackers, CNC machines, conveyor belts, packing lines, etc. are managed by your IEM system directly and in real time.

More generally, all devices used in your value chains with software interfaces for external control are included in your IEM umbrella and function within common informational space and online-transaction environment.

From this perspective your IEM system is your enterprise data spine with spinal cord controlling diverse organs.
You don't need anymore MES, WMS, CRM and other narrow-function mediator systems.

In some cases, when parallel specific operations for low-level control over machine controllers (or design layout development in external graphic suites) seem to be redundant relevant software may contact your IEM system to be managed by the latter as a plug-in external component.
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big-data-ready
Big Data ready 24x7x365
Big data, BI, data mining, machine learning: guaranteed IEM data consistency, reliability, relevance and integrity means it is ready at all times for operational Big Data processing once you need it.
Garbage in - garbage out
Raw ERP data since its reliability equals zero requires preliminary filtration and normalization with specific labor-consuming procedures.

Which is, in turn, an art rather than a technology, thus, boiling doubtful value of such baseline data to go-as-you-please whimsies of sample authors.
customization-unlimited
Adaptivity to random business requirements
Due to its versatility imperative your IEM system resolves any formalized business process management tasks for any entity.

Customization abilities of serial IEM systems are superior to even costly in-house systems only giants such as Walmart, Amazon, Magnit can afford.
Not talking about conventional ERP.


Risks and likely outcomes for in-house development projects

In addition to unlimited freedom for BLS customization IEM platform mechanisms provide interfaces for original external applications based on any technology.
A third-party application designed with IEM paradigm in mind becomes a logical part of business logic space while your IEM system remains as it is with all its remarkable properties.
Beggars can’t be choosers. Good if it works at all.
Vendors call megabytes of ancient code piled up over decades as best practices.
real-time-changes-delivery
Real-time update delivery
High application development rate enables your system post-deployment to evolve in sync with real-time company business processes and updates.

If necessary, even faster.
Rigidity exemplar
Duration/costs for substantial updates are so high (coordinated re-engineering for all diverse modules involved in modified business-process altering data models and sync protocols) that it makes virtually no sense: by its release changes introduced are already outdated.

Eventually, the gap between live business processes and their ERP implementation can only widen with time.
And in a few years even perfectly deployed ERP turns in “a thing in itself” inevitably related to real business only in ways it impedes its development.
true-omni-channel
Omni-channel indeed
Obvious management system feature being natural due to single enterprise information field used and real-time transactions within it.
In vendor promises only
Impossible in real life
profit-multiplication
Exponential growth for business profitability
It is a result of, on one hand, dramatic cost reduction since your business processes are turned into unmanned ones, on the other, — sharp increase in company service quality and availability.

Case Study: b2b-site unlike corporate sales unit is operational 24x7, needing no vacations, sick lists or maternity leaves, working for free, being perfectly correct и rock-solid reliable.
And it does not steal even when kickbacks are offered.

As a result you enjoy lower costs and growing sales (gross profit).
And it’s math afterwards.
Expenses grow steadily while profits (in best cases) remains the same
And it’s math afterwards.
tco-extremely-low
TCO is hundreds times lower, ROI less than a year
Beside it is a fraction of costs for management system purchase, deployment and maintenance, hardware expense difference is quite similar.
Epic costs
In real life costs are unlimited (some failure projects with budgets > $1 bln are known).
project-predictability
Predictable project parameters
Project gain and its duration are known before you start it with an accuracy of ± 20%
Completely dependent on specific conditions
no-integrator-risks
Zero integrator risks
...when following IEM methodology.

IEM implementation: 7 simple steps to success
N/A
For obvious reasons no reliable information is available.

Rumors, indirect indicators, inside and common sense show risks for ERP project failure are at least 50%.
completely-project-advancing
100% project cost prepayment
Small customer up-front payment (to guarantee commitment) covers project costs for payroll budget.

Refunding risks motivate deployers to be scrupulous about selection of sane customers.
Dependent on conditions
Thunder-caps on project course for both deployers and customers are the rule rather than exception.
no-customer-risks
Zero customer risks
You pay after launch and only if you are happy with the result.

Finally unhappy?
A dissatisfied customer a) does not pay anything else, and b) gets back a security deposit paid before deployment.

Even with delayed major payment IEM integrators are paid much quicker than with ERP cases — since deployment is much faster.
And success guaranteed, by the way.
Not a word about it!
successes-only
Only successful deployments, only happy customers
Googling for the contrary is encouraged.
Not a word about it!
IEM outwardly IEM from inside General summary
internet-of-companies
Internet of Enterprises (IoE)
Joining millions of scattered facilities in a single all-planet economic agent network is the next step for humanity social and economic evolution after invention of the Internet of People and Internet of Things.

Companies’ IEM systems in delivery chains interacting in real time will make obsolete more than 90% of business stocks of world economy along with infrastructure for their storage transshipment.

Lower environmental burden by dozens of percent from current levels is to be an addition for tremendous increase in public wealth rather than regardless of it.

Tightly integrated delivery chains based on linked management systems rule out reasons for both deficit and overproduction of goods: uniting advantages of mass and artisan production excluding shortcomings of both.

Global economic benefits is more than 20 trillion USD annually.
humanless-enterprises
Unmanned enterprises
To get rid of routine labor is a dream of mankind for centuries.

Unmanned processes for material wealth production inside enterprises automatically coordinated on a global scale via Internet of Enterprises will make it a reality in the nearest future.
basis-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution
Binding base for the 4th Industrial Revolution
Cybernetic backbone and spinal cord for an unmanned enterprise linking and arranging particular technologies (self-driving cars, Internet of Things, manufacture and warehouse robots, neural networks, Big Data, block-chain, “smart contracts”, etc.) managing them in real time.